Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster

Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster

Botox for confident appearance

We use a fine needle to inject Botox into targeted areas, causing minimal discomfort. We'll also include a reminder closer to the date, so you won't forget. At Manhas Health Co., we've observed that Botox treatments offer a multitude of benefits, ranging from enhanced facial aesthetics to improved self-confidence. Our consultation process begins with a personalized assessment to understand your unique cosmetic goals and health history. Botox for dynamic wrinkles Learn more about Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster here
That's why we're always available to answer any questions you might've about your personalized treatment plan. Learn more about Manhas Health Co. here. While we're thrilled to share client success stories, we also understand the importance of addressing the concerns some may have about Botox treatments. At Manhas Health Co., we're dedicated to providing our clients with the highest level of care and expertise in cosmetic Botox treatments. Botox for frown lines
We use only FDA-approved products, and our practitioners are highly trained in administering injections safely.

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We've seen firsthand how this treatment can smooth out wrinkles, erase fine lines, and restore a youthful vibrancy that many of us start to miss as the years pass by. We're proud to offer services that not only meet but exceed our clients' expectations, providing results that truly make a difference in their lives.
This precaution prevents the Botox from spreading to unintended muscles.

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First off, we avoid touching or massaging the treated areas for at least 24 hours. Botox in New Westminster reviews Our team consists of licensed professionals who use only FDA-approved Botox products.

Our goal is to refresh your look, making you feel revitalized and confident. Don't rub or massage the treated areas for at least 24 hours; this can cause the Botox to spread to unintended muscles. Having explored the cost and payment options, let's now examine why Manhas Health Co stands out as the premier choice for cosmetic Botox treatments. This diversity ensures that everyone can find a story they relate to, making the decision to proceed with Botox treatments a bit easier. We use a fine needle for the injections, making the process as comfortable as possible.
Typically, the effects of Botox can last anywhere from three to six months, depending on the individual's skin type, the area treated, and their lifestyle. This simple step helps prevent the Botox from spreading to unintended muscles. The treatment has been approved by health authorities worldwide for both cosmetic and therapeutic uses, affirming its safety and efficacy. Botox, a purified form of botulinum toxin, is meticulously injected into specific areas, requiring precision that our certified practitioners are well equipped to provide.
It's one of the many reasons our clients choose us for their cosmetic needs. Our clients choose us because we offer a comfortable and welcoming environment, making sure everyone feels at home from the moment they step in. We always advise our clients on how to care for their skin post-treatment to ensure the best possible outcome, but the beauty of Botox is its convenience. Botox for eye rejuvenation We're here to accommodate your schedule, offering appointments throughout the week, including evenings and weekends. Read more about Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster here
Beyond aesthetics, we've observed Botox's effectiveness in treating excessive sweating, migraines, and even muscle spasms. We'll discuss all costs and payment options with you in detail, ensuring there are no surprises. During your consultation, we'll dive into your aesthetic goals, discuss any concerns, and provide a comprehensive overview of what to expect. We're committed to making our treatments accessible.

Botox for Anti-Aging New Westminster

Entity Name Description Source
Botulinum toxin Description for Botulinum toxin Source
Skeletal muscle Description for Skeletal muscle Source
Eyelid Description for Eyelid Source
Eye drop Description for Eye drop Source
Injectable filler Description for Injectable filler Source
Marionette lines Description for Marionette lines Source
Lip Description for Lip Source
Dermatology Description for Dermatology Source
Mohs surgery Description for Mohs surgery Source
Skin cancer Description for Skin cancer Source
Varicose veins Description for Varicose veins Source
Melanocytic nevus Description for Melanocytic nevus Source
Collagen induction therapy Description for Collagen induction therapy Source
Platelet-rich plasma Description for Platelet-rich plasma Source
Pattern hair loss Description for Pattern hair loss Source
Skin care Description for Skin care Source
New Westminster Description for New Westminster Source
British Columbia Description for British Columbia Source
Rhinoplasty Description for Rhinoplasty Source
Masseter muscle Description for Masseter muscle Source
Submental triangle Description for Submental triangle Source
Hair loss Description for Hair loss Source
Scalp Description for Scalp Source
Hair follicle Description for Hair follicle Source
Hyperhidrosis Description for Hyperhidrosis Source
Restylane Description for Restylane Source
Physiology Description for Physiology Source

Botox Treatment Centers New Westminster

The area now known as New Westminster was originally inhabited by Kwantlen First Nation The discovery of gold in BC and the arrival of gold seekers from the south prompted fear amongst the settlers that Americans may invade to take over this land.

Botox Treatments in New Westminster


Best Botox Clinic New Westminster

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Mundy Park

Tourist attraction, City park
Mundy Park, 641 Hillcrest St, Coquitlam, BC V3J 6N9
178 acres of forest habitat with 2 lakes, sports facilities, disc golf & an outdoor pool.

Port Moody Station Museum

Tourist attraction, Entertainer, Historical landmark, History museum, Local history museum
Port Moody Station Museum, 2734 Murray St, Port Moody, BC V3H 1X2
Small destination offering local history exhibits & programs in a 1908 train station.

Rocky Point Park

Tourist attraction, City park
Rocky Point Park, 2800 Murray St, Port Moody, BC V3H 1X2
Waterfront recreation area with a pier, pool, skate park, restaurant, playground & boat ramp.

Shoreline Trail

Tourist attraction, City park, Hiking area
Shoreline Trail, 2934 Murray St, Port Moody, BC V3H 1X2
This walking trail along the Burrard Inlet offers sweeping views & allows leashed dogs.

Burnaby Fraser Foreshore Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Burnaby Fraser Foreshore Park, 7751 Fraser Park Dr, Burnaby, BC V5J 5L8
Riverfront park with outdoor gym equipment, dog area, picnic spots & a playground.

Hawthorne Rotary Park

Whalley
Tourist attraction, Park
Hawthorne Rotary Park, 10513 144 St, Surrey, BC V3T 4V4
Residential area park with a playground, spray pad, gardens, trails, picnic shelter & washrooms.

Glenlyon Foreshore Outlook

Tourist attraction, Historical landmark
Glenlyon Foreshore Outlook, 9186 Glenlyon Pkwy, Burnaby, BC V5J 5J8

World Police and Fire Games decoration

Metrotown
Tourist attraction
World Police and Fire Games decoration, 3789 BC-99A, Burnaby, BC V5H 1Y4

Citations and other links

Botox Treatment Experts Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster

Don't worry; all your information is kept confidential. We're also committed to making our treatments accessible. We'll work with you to create a maintenance plan that suits your lifestyle and keeps you looking your best. Our team is committed to providing personalized care that aligns with your unique desires and health objectives. Our Before and After Gallery showcases the dramatic transformations our clients have experienced, further illustrating the remarkable impact of our Botox treatments.

We're committed to upholding the highest standards in our Botox treatments. Choosing Botox at Manhas Health Co. means opting for a smoother, more refreshed look with a team committed to your care and satisfaction. We're here to assure you that safety is our top priority. Understanding each client's unique needs is the cornerstone of our personalized consultation process at Manhas Health Co.

We're proud to offer a service that not only enhances natural beauty but also fits seamlessly into our clients' lifestyles. After exploring the various treatment areas for Botox, it's important to highlight that procedures at Manhas Health Co.

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aren't only effective but also quick and convenient for our clients. Moreover, Botox isn't just for cosmetic enhancements. Results aren't instant but develop over the following week, with the full effect visible in about two weeks.

We've made the process as straightforward as possible because we understand you're eager to start your journey towards a more confident you. Our experienced team ensures each treatment is customized to suit your specific needs, providing natural-looking results that enhance your innate beauty. At our clinic, we prioritize safety and precision. We know that everyone's skin tells a different story.



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Botox Clinics with Certified Specialists Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster

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Whether you're looking to reduce the appearance of fine lines, prevent future wrinkles, or achieve a more rested and youthful look, we've got you covered. We'll walk you through every step of the process, explaining the measures we take to ensure your safety and answering any questions you may have. It really affected my self-esteem. Our team's meticulous approach ensures that each client's experience is tailored to their unique needs, prioritizing comfort and results.

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From your initial consultation to your post-treatment care, we're here to support you every step of the way.

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As we explore the treatment process and the importance of aftercare to secure lasting results, we invite you to join us in uncovering the potential benefits that await. Let's work together to achieve the youthful, refreshed look you desire, with results that speak volumes about our commitment to your individual needs.

Moreover, we're here to guide you through the entire process, explaining every step and answering any questions you might have. Based on this consultation, we'll create a personalized plan that outlines the specific areas to target, ensuring the results look natural and enhance your inherent beauty. Once you've booked, we'll send you a confirmation email with all the details you'll need for your first visit.

We've streamlined the process to ensure it's as straightforward and comfortable as possible. The team at Manhas Health Co. New Westminster Botox reviews listened to my concerns and delivered exactly what I was hoping for. We're proud to display these real-life examples, as they not only demonstrate our expertise but also help potential clients visualize the potential outcomes of their own treatments.

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At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to ensuring that your cosmetic Botox experience not only meets but also exceeds your expectations. We also heard from Emily, who said, 'I was skeptical about getting Botox, but the professionals at Manhas Health Co. addressed all my concerns. Let's be your partners in embracing a more confident, radiant you. We're experts at achieving a natural, refreshed look, avoiding the 'frozen' appearance some fear. One client mentioned, “After my first session at Manhas Health Co., I noticed a significant reduction in my forehead lines.

Stick with us to uncover how our specialized procedures can rejuvenate your skin and boost your confidence, leaving you wondering why you hadn't considered this sooner. We offer competitive pricing without compromising on quality or safety, making it easier for you to invest in yourself. You can call us directly or use our online booking system, whichever suits your lifestyle better. It's crucial to avoid rubbing or massaging the treated areas for at least 24 hours.

Recognizing the delicate nature of the eye area, we've adopted techniques that minimize discomfort while maximizing results. Botox for facial slimming When we inject Botox into specific muscles, it binds to the nerve endings, stopping the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for muscle movement. We understand that each individual's aesthetic goals are different, which is why we don't take a one-size-fits-all approach. Our most popular procedure is the facial Botox treatment, which targets areas like the forehead, crow's feet, and between the eyebrows.

Botox works by temporarily paralyzing muscles, which smoothens skin and prevents new lines from forming. As the hands of time relentlessly march forward, we've found a way to gently coax the clock to pause, if only for a moment. This innovative treatment can help reduce the appearance of a strong jaw, creating a softer, more balanced profile. We believe in keeping you informed, so this email will include everything from what to expect during your consultation to how to prepare for your treatment.

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Botox for Lip Enhancement Botox for Wrinkles New Westminster

We've discovered that by understanding how Botox works, our clients can make informed decisions about their beauty treatments. After the injections, we'll provide you with aftercare instructions to ensure the best possible results and minimize any potential side effects. Building on our new services, it's crucial to understand the transformative impact Cosmetic Botox can have on one's appearance and confidence.

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Additionally, Botox treatments are quick and have minimal downtime, making them a convenient option for busy individuals. How can you best prepare for Botox treatment and what steps should you follow for optimal recovery?

The forehead is one of the most popular spots. It might take a few days to see the full effects of the treatment, but trust us, it's worth the wait. Our team takes the time to explain the process, answer your questions, and provide aftercare advice to maintain your rejuvenated appearance. Having explored the transformative results in our Before and After Gallery, you're likely feeling inspired and perhaps curious about taking the next step with Manhas Health Co.

Alternatively, if you'd prefer to speak to someone, our friendly staff are just a phone call away and can assist you in finding the perfect slot for your consultation. You're in good hands with us at Manhas Health Co. At Manhas Health Co., it's all about celebrating your individuality while helping you look and feel your best. It's been a game-changer for my self-esteem.” It's feedback like this that drives us to continue offering expert cosmetic solutions tailored to each individual's needs.

Whether you're looking to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles or seeking preventive measures to maintain your youthful look, we've got you covered. We're committed to personalized care, so we'll tailor the consultation to fit your unique needs and desires. Our team regularly undergoes training to ensure they're at the forefront of safe practice in cosmetic treatments. Stick around as we unfold the transformative power of cosmetic Botox and how it aligns with our vision of embracing a radiant future.

Botox Consultation Before and After

However, it's also important to us that we're transparent about the process. It's not just about smoothing wrinkles; it's about enhancing well-being and self-perception. Browsing through the gallery, you'll notice the precision in our work, the natural-looking results, and the attention to detail that sets us apart. The minimal downtime associated with Botox at Manhas Health Co. means that achieving a refreshed and rejuvenated appearance doesn't have to disrupt your schedule. We're committed to providing a seamless experience that fits into the busy lifestyles of our clients, ensuring they can enjoy the benefits of Botox without it being a burden on their time.
We're committed to ensuring your experience is comfortable and your results are satisfying. That's why we've expanded our wellness services to include top-rated cosmetic Botox, a proven solution for reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. To fully appreciate the benefits and nuances of cosmetic Botox, it's crucial to delve into its mechanism and applications. Our team consists of certified professionals who are passionate about what they do and stay updated with the latest techniques and products in the cosmetic field.
Most clients report feeling only a slight pinch during the procedure, which typically takes just a few minutes depending on the areas being treated. Our skilled team is passionate about helping you look and feel your best. We'll provide aftercare instructions to maximize the treatment's benefits and minimize any potential side effects, such as minor swelling or bruising at the injection sites.

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We've learned that the right post-Botox care can significantly enhance the effects of the treatment, making it last longer while keeping our skin looking its best.
Choosing Manhas Health Co means entrusting your care to some of the most capable hands in the business. Botox helps soften these, giving you a fresher, more youthful look. Having explored the transformative power of Botox, let's now consider why choosing Manhas Health Co is your best bet for this treatment. At Manhas Health Co., we've seen firsthand how it's not just about the aesthetic improvements but also about boosting our clients' confidence. Botox before and after

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Botox Consultation Before and After

Facials may include the use of a facial mask.

A facial is a family of skin care treatments for the face, including steam, exfoliation (physical and chemical), extraction, creams, lotions, facial masks, peels, and massage. They are normally performed in beauty salons, but are also a common spa treatment. They are used for general skin health as well as for specific skin conditions. Types of facials include European facial,[1] LED light therapy facials, hydrafacials and mini-facials.

Facial mask

[edit]

There are different kinds of masks (e.g., clay, cactus, cucumber) for different purposes: deep-cleansing, by penetrating the pores; healing acne scars or hyper-pigmentation; brightening, for a gradual illumination of the skin tone. Facial masks also help with anti-aging, acne, crows feet, under eye bags, sagging lids, dark circles, puffiness,[2] and more. Some masks are designed to dry or solidify on the face, almost like plaster; others just remain wet. The green face mask is very essential and benefited.

Masks are removed by either rinsing the face with water, wiping off with a damp cloth, or peeling off of the face. Duration for wearing a mask varies with the type of mask, and manufacturer's usage instructions. The time can range from a few minutes to overnight. Those with sensitive skin are advised to first test out the mask on a small portion of the skin, in order to check for any irritations. Some facial masks are not suited to frequent use. A glycolic mask should not be used more frequently than once a month to avoid the risk of burning the skin.

Masks can be found anywhere from drugstores to department stores and can vary in consistency and form. Setting masks include: clay, which is a thicker consistency, and will draw out impurities (and sometimes, natural oils, too) from the pores; a cream, which stays damp to hydrate the skin; sheet-style, in which a paper mask is dampened with liquid to tone and moisturize the skin; and lastly, a hybrid/clay and cream form that includes small beads for removing dead surface skin cells. Non-setting facial masks include warm oil and paraffin wax masks. These different forms are made to suit different skin types (e.g., oily or dry), and different skincare goals or needs (e.g., moisturizing, cleansing, exfoliating). Clay and mud masks suit oily and some "combination" skin types,[3] while cream-based masks tend to suit dry and sensitive skin types. There are also peel-off masks which are used to remove thin layers of dead skin cells and dirt.[4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Eastern European Beauty Secrets and Skin Care Techniques. Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4349-7452-5.
  2. ^ Bioelements. "Do I need a facial? 32 reasons you absolutely need one". Bioelements. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
  3. ^ Remedios, Faye (2022-07-01). "The do's and don'ts of mud masks, and why it will be your newest skin obsession". Vogue India. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  4. ^ "What type of face mask is best for my skin type? | Paula's Choice". www.paulaschoice-eu.com. Retrieved 2021-05-16.

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
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Frequently Asked Questions

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